LAN Topology Design and Cabling Specifications

LAN Topology Design and Cabling Specifications Free Online Research Papers In networking terms, topology refers to the virtual design of network. It tells us how the computers will be connected to each other using cables. To create an office LAN (Local Area Network), we can consider following one of the LAN topologies: Bus Ring Star Tree Bus Topology: Simplest of all LAN topologies, which have single cable to connect multiple computers in a network. If this cable fails, the entire network crashes. Ring Topology: All communication amongst computers travel through a ring in same direction. If any of the cable fails, the look breaks and thus make network unusable. Star Topology: Require more cable than Bus topology. Failure in one cable only makes one cable inaccessible and not the entire LAN. Tree Topology: Tree topology is nothing but multiple star topologies. Requires a lot more cables than star topology but is extra safe when one of the cables fails. After considering the vulnerability and cost of network it is recommended that star topology is selected for the office LAN. This choice for the network is made based on requests that physical aspects of the network are easy to manage. The star topology uses a hub as a central point of connection for the computers or other devices on the Local Area Network (LAN). These devices that are connected to the network are connected to the hub with their own separate cable. The star topology allows the network to be expanded without difficulty. This depends on how many ports are on the hub that is being used. â€Å"If more ports are needed on the hub, two hubs can be linked together to provide more connectivity (Habraken, Joe, 2004)†. Adding additional computers to the network will be easy. This is done by simply connecting the desired computer or computers to the port on the hub. This is an advantage of the star topology because it allows you to expand the network with out interfering with the other devices. This topology relies on a lot of cabling that can sometimes result in cost issues but if planned correctly it can fit within any reasonable budget. Cables Specification Cables are most important part of any network, if not wireless. It is always advisable to consider factors like cost, durability and speed before selecting cable for the network. Following are common types of cable which includes twisted-pair cable, coaxial cable, and fiber-optic cable. Twisted-pair cables: Twisted pair cables are most common types of cables which are used in telephone communications and also in almost all modern Ethernet networks. Twisted pair cables are made of pair of wires and are twisted to provide protection against crosstalk – When electric signals flow through the wire it makes a small circular magnetic field around the wire, and thus twisted pair cables are made in such a way to minimize this disturbance. There are basically two typed of twisted-pair cables: 1.) Unshielded twisted pair (UTP) 2.) Shielded twisted pair. (STP) Unshielded twisted-pair (UTP) cable are composed of pairs of wires, and has eight individual copper wires which are covered by insulating material to reduce ‘disturbance’. The twisted wires pairs in UTP reduce signal degradation caused by electromagnetic interferences. UTP cables have inexpensive, and has small diameter which makes it easy during installation. And as it’s easily available and can be used with major networking architecture, UTP put forth itself to be a strong contender when choosing cables for networks. Characteristics of UTP Speed and throughput- 10 to 1000 Mbps Average cost per node- Least expensive Media and connector size- Small Maximum cable length- 100 m (short) Shielded twisted-pair (STP) has four pairs of wires. Each pair is wrapped in metallic foil, and this four pair is again wrapped in metallic braid or fail. STP cables are designed to decrease electrical disturbance within the cable and/or external. STP cables prevents disturbance better than UTP cables but are more expensive and difficult to install. Because of its cost and difficulty in installation, STP cables are generally not preferred. Characteristics of STP Speed and throughput- 10 to 100 Mbps Average cost per node- Moderately expensive Media and connector size- Medium to large Maximum cable length- 100 m (short) Coaxial Cable: Coaxial cables has hollow outer cylindrical conductor that surrounds a single inner wire made of two conducting elements. One of the elements (metal) is located in center of cable and is generally copper which again has a layer of flexible insulation. There is a woven copper braid or a metallic foil which acts as shield to reduce outside interference or a second wire if primary wire is defected. Coaxial cable can be used over longer distance than twisted-pair cables but are more expensive than UTP. As coaxial cables can transmit through longer distance, it decreases the number of repeaters to be installed within a broader network which helps bring down the cost. But because of the thickness of coaxial cables, it is difficult to install in some situations, and difficultly in installation means expensive to install Characteristics of Coaxial Cable: Speed and throughput- 10 to 100 Mbps Average cost per node- Inexpensive Media and connector size- Medium Maximum cable length- 500 m (medium) Below is a short table which can be referred to while choosing the type of cables in any network topology. Media Type Maximum Segment Length Speed Cost Advantages Disadvantages UTP 100 m 10 Mbps to 1000 Mbps Least expensive Easy to install; widely available and widely used Susceptible to interference; can cover only a limited distance STP 100 m 10 Mbps to 100 Mbps More expensive than UTP Reduced crosstalk; more resistant to EMI than Thinnet or UTP Difficult to work with; can cover only a limited distance Coaxial 500 m (Thicknet) 185 m (Thinnet) 10 Mbps to 100 Mbps Relatively inexpensive, but more costly than UTP Less susceptible to EMI interference than other types of copper media Difficult to work with (Thicknet); limited bandwidth; limited application (Thinnet); damage to cable can bring down entire network Fiber-Optic 10 km and farther (single-mode) 2 km and farther (multimode) 100 Mbps to 100 Gbps (single mode) 100 Mbps to 9.92 Gbps (multimode) Expensive Cannot be tapped, so security is better; can be used over great distances; is not susceptible to EMI; has a higher data rate than coaxial and twisted-pair cable Difficult to terminate Although, fiber optics and wireless network can be used for networking, we are not considering it in this paper as fiber optics is too expensive to implement it practically in office generally, while wireless network is too slow and vulnerable to implement either. References: http://compnetworking.about.com/od/networkdesign/a/topologies.htm ciscopress.com/articles/article.asp?p=31276seqNum=1 Research Papers on LAN Topology Design and Cabling SpecificationsBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfThe Project Managment Office SystemOpen Architechture a white paperRiordan Manufacturing Production PlanEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesUnreasonable Searches and SeizuresHip-Hop is Art

The parable of the Cave

The parable of the Cave Plato’s parable of the cave was describing the situation of prisoners chained and made to stay in one position for a long time. A fierce fire that was burning behind them was their only source of light. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The parable of the Cave specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The chains where designed in a way that the prisoners could see nothing else apart from their own shadows that were projected to the wall by the light from the fire. After sometime, puppets were moved in front of the fire and their shadows were projected to the wall too. The prisoner mastered puppets’ images as they appeared on the wall, they could even predict the sequence of appearance of these puppets. (Chadwick 13) One day, one of the prisoners was set free from the chains and made to turn and see the fire, as well as the puppets, which he compared with the shadows he had been seeing he had been seeing. They wer e very different. Later, the freed prisoner moved out forcefully of the cave and saw the real things using the light from the sun. The sun’s light was so bright and for some time he could not see anything. He even feared looking at it, until he was well adapted to the brightness. This prisoner was astounded to see how things really looked like and then difference between the objects and their shadows. While out there, he was able to see the difference between the shadows and the reflection of objects in water. He remembered his fellow prisoners who were still in the darkness and chained in the cave. He decided to go back and save them from their confusion, but he found that the prisoners had even crowned each other for being then best in predicting the sequence of the images (Gilson, 369). He could not do what they were doing and when he tried to tell them that what they were seeing was not real, they laughed at him, and accused him of destroying his eyes when he went up th ere. Though he pitied them, they could not buy his idea of reality, the only choice he had was to leave them. Had he insisted to liberate them, he would have paid a high price that could have included him life. The fire and the puppets in the parable were signifying the unrevealed truths about reality, and the limiting aspect of this knowledge (Chadwick 325). The limited light signifies the shallow knowledge of reality that people get from politicians. The puppets are the issues that affect the life of men.Advertising Looking for essay on philosophy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The puppets pass in front of the fire-projecting image on the wall that signifying distorted reality. As Plato saw it, people who become enlightened are the ones who should take the leadership in society, as they will lead people towards the truth. The fire and t he puppets also signifies politics, politicians and political leadership. Aug ustine’s Confession Augustine knows that God is absolute and he is all knowing. God is also above the human beings in all aspects, and his confession he indicates and worships the power of God. Light refers to knowledge and a mind that is enlightened (Gilson 150). If God’s mind resembles absolute knowledge, then the point of contact with the human mind is like light. God reveals wisdom to human beings by shading light on their brains that they may be able to reason in the right manner. Plato was referring to the light from the sun as the genuine illumination that helped people to see the reality, and that the sun controlled the seasons. Plato clearly demonstrated that light from the sun was brighter than that which was coming from the fire. The light is unchangeable n the sense that it is absolute and complete. Least but to mention, it is in its whole form, and nothing is beyond it (Gilson 157). Even though the light is above us, it is in our mind because God allows i t to have it. Human beings cannot perceive things that are not at par with them. Confusion Descartes, in his first meditation, decided to doubt everything that he has ever believed and start seeing as false. His move was prompted by the realization of the fact that fact that everything that he knows was as his sense could perceive. Therefore, his knowledge lacked the aspect of objective truth, but remained subjective to the opinion of his senses. He started on a journey towards achieving the objective truth of the world, because he realized that his sense have been deceiving him (Saint, 100). Plato discusses the same idea in his parable of the cave, as he indicated the need to take on a journey of salvation that will help him to see the real world. This journey begins with doubting the original knowledge and developing the desire to know then reality as it is not as it is perceived by the senses (Saint 96). In conclusion, the philosophers named in this write up had a common vision of saving humanity from ignorance. They demonstrated the need for an individual to gain objective truth that will help him to have a different view of the world. They also emphasized on the need to recognize the superiority of God and the need to maintain a good relationship with him to be able to experience the truth.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The parable of the Cave specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Chadwick, Henry. Saint Augustine: Confessions. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008. Saint, Augustine. Confessions. Henry Chadwick, trans. New York: Oxford University Press, 1992. Chadwick, Henry. Augustine. New York: Oxford University Press, Past Masters Series, 1986. Gilson, Etienne. The Philosophy of Saint Augustine. L.E.M. Lynch, trans. London: Random House, 1960.

Can a variety of English ever be a truly neutral means of Essay - 1

Can a variety of English ever be a truly neutral means of communication Answer this question using material from an online academic journal article of your choice and at least two blocks of this module - Essay Example A number of customs, as well as criteria is being put together and shared among different cultures on a global level. Therefore, in many multilingual nations, English has turned out to be the language of communication since it has been a dominant language for a long period. A major strategy in opposing the threat to linguistic diversity triggered and instigated by the spread of English is the idea of linguistic rights. Therefore, it can be said that it was the British influence, authority, and industrial supremacy that directed English across the world between the seventeenth and the twentieth Era. The heritage of British imperialism has left numerous nations with the language comprehensively institutionalized in their court of law, assembly, civil service, faculties and higher learning institutions. In other regions, English offers a neutral way of communication amid diverse ethnic groups. According to the politics of English by Ann Hewings and Caroline Tagg, all language use can be said to be political in nature (HEWINGS, & TAGG, 2012: 13).Language cannot be said to be a neutral medium of communication, but it plays a major role during power relations negotiation. These involve relations of competition, conflict, as well as cooperation amid individuals and the community (HEWINGS, & TAGG, 2012: 13). Language is the main means through which power relations are reinforced and organized.Therefore, the management of diplomatic, social, as well as political relations employs languages. Politics can be about language regulation whereby regulations are employed according to what a person can say, and how well individuals can express themselves. Every language, within certain contexts as well as settings plays a major role in power relation. However, in the present day English has a global reach like no other language, owing to its history during colonialism, its multiple forms as well as varieties, its association with global